Ha! Laughter comes in two types, study says

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31802854/ns/health-behavior/

A cackle and a giggle can mean different things.

Scientists say there are two types of laughter: the kind that comes from pure glee, and the kind that’s meant to send a social message. New research suggests autistic children don’t often express the latter type, a finding that could reveal more about the nature of human laughter.

Laughter probably predates human speech by millions of years, scientists think. It likely evolved as an early form of communication to help people negotiate group dynamics and establish hierarchy, said William Hudenko, a psychologist at Ithaca College who led the new study.

 

Babies usually learn to laugh before they learn to speak.

“We think it’s so hardwired that even infants start to use laughter in order to promote affiliation and bonding with caregivers,” Hudenko told LiveScience.

A social phenomenon
People are about 30 times more likely to laugh in the presence of others than alone, reinforcing the idea that laughter is a social phenomenon.

And though we associate laughter with humor, a large proportion of laughs aren’t in response to anything remotely funny. Rather, they are often just affirmations, communications, or expressions of joy.

We laugh “to kind of grease the social wheels,” Hudenko said.

Laughter mainly comes in two types, researchers think: voiced, and unvoiced.

“We need more research to be done to understand the function of voice versus unvoiced laughter, but our best hypothesis is that unvoiced laughs are probably used more to negotiate social interactions, and voiced might be more linked to a positive internal state,” Hudenko said.

So voiced laughter — the prototypical, belly-laugh type, that sounds more like sing-song — is usually spontaneous. We create the sound with our vocal chords (hence the name), and usually laugh this way naturally and spontaneously.

Unvoiced laughter, however, is more of a conscious expression. We make these panting, grunting, snorting noises when we are trying on purpose to laugh, usually for a social purpose, such as to ease conversation or make friends.

For adults, each type of laughter represents about 50 percent of the total. Young children may express more voiced than unvoiced laughter, as they haven’t yet learned to purposely laugh.

But strikingly, Hudenko and team found that autistic children almost never produce unvoiced laughs. They monitored kids between ages 8 and 10 playing in a lab, and set up situations that would elicit laughter, such as falling block towers and squeaky balloons.

The test group of autistic children laughed just about as often as the non-autistic kids, but the autistic children’s laughter was 98 percent voiced, while non-autistic children produced both types.

“We take this as some preliminary evidence that children with autism might not be using laughter the same way,” Hudenko said. “Our hypothesis is that typically-developing children, through the course of development, learn a large repertoire of laugh sounds in order to negotiate social circumstances. We suspect the children with autism are not attuned to the same social subtleties.”

The finding helps underscore the different purposes of the two kinds of laughter. It could also help researchers design better ways to help kids with autism navigate social situations.

“The idea is that we might be able to help them to express laughter more readily during social interactions,” Hudenko said. “This shows that these children with autism have a really fantastic skill that might help them to promote relationships with individuals.”

Optimistic women live for longer

Source : http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8193180.stm

The latest study by US investigators mirrors the findings of earlier work by a Dutch team showing optimism reduces heart risk in men.

The research on nearly 100,000 women, published in the journal Circulation, found pessimists had higher blood pressure and cholesterol.

Even taking these risk factors into account, attitude alone altered risks.

Optimistic women had a 9% lower risk of developing heart disease and a 14% lower risk of dying from any cause after more than eight years of follow-up.

In comparison, cynical women who harboured hostile thoughts about others or were generally mistrusting of others were 16% more likely to die over the same time scale.

One possibility is that optimists are better at coping with adversity, and may, for example take better care of themselves when they do fall ill.

In the study, the optimistic women exercised more and were leaner than pessimistic peers.

Lead researcher Dr Hilary Tindle, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Pittsburgh, said: “The majority of evidence suggests that sustained, high degrees of negativity are hazardous to health.”

A spokeswoman for the British Heart Foundation said: “We know that hostile emotions can release certain chemicals in the body which may increase the risk of heart disease, but we don’t fully understand how and why.

“Optimistic or hostile attitudes can be linked to health behaviours such as smoking or poor diet, which may also influence heart health.

“A good thing for all women is that regardless of your outlook, making healthy choices such as not smoking and eating well, will have much more of an impact on your heart health than your outlook.

“More research is needed to explore how and why these psychological attitudes may affect health.”

 

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I am very positive about my longer lifespan ^^